1. The Generation of Zaytunah

  1. “Al-Habib burqibah yakhla’ al-hijab min ‘ala ru’us al-tunisiyyat.”
  2. Kenneth J. Perkins, “ ‘The Masses Look Ardently to Istanbul’: Tunisia, Islam, and the Ottoman Empire, 1837–1931,” in Islamism and Secularism in North Africa, ed. John Reudy, 23–36 (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1996), 30.
  3. Michael J. Willis, Politics and Power in the Maghreb: Algeria, Tunisia, and Morocco from Independence to the Arab Spring (London: Hurst, 2012), 28.
  4. Anne Wolf, Political Islam in Tunisia: The History (London: Hurst, 2017), 7.
  5. ‘Abd Elbaki Hermassi, “La Société tunisienne au miroir islamiste,” Maghreb-Machrek,
    January/February/March, 1984, 1.
  6. Sarah J. Feuer, Regulating Islam: Religion and the State in Contemporary Morocco and
    Tunisia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018), 18.
  7. “Nobody’s Man, But the Man of Islam,” Arabia 4, no. 44 (April 1985): 18.
  8. Rory McCarthy, Inside Tunisia’s al-Nahda: Between Politics and Preaching (Cambridge:
    Cambridge University Press, 2018), 14.
  9. Marion Boulby, “The Islamic Challenge: Tunisia since Independence,” Third World
    Quarterly 10, no. 2, Islam and Politics (April 1988: 592.
  10. Wolf, Political Islam in Tunisia, 23.
  11. Anne Wolf, “An Islamist ‘Renaissance?’ Religion and Politics in Post-Revolutionary Tunisia,” Journal of North African Studies 18, no. 4 (October 2013): 562.
  12. Arnold H. Green, “Political Attitudes and Activities of the Ulama in the Liberal Age: Tunisia as an Exceptional Case,” International Journal of Middle East Studies 7, no. 2 (April 1976): 209–41; and Leon Carl Brown, “The Islamic Reformist Movement in North Africa,” Journal of Modern African Studies 2, no. 1 (March 1964): 55–63.
  13. Robert D. Lee, “Tunisian Intellectuals: Responses to Islamism,” Journal of North African Studies 13, no. 2 (June 2008): 160.
  14. Lee, “Tunisian Intellectuals.”
  15. Interview with Rashid Ghannushi, Arabia, April 1985.
  16. Sana Ben Achour, “Le CSP, 50 ans après: Les dimensions de l’ambivalence,” L’anne’e
    du Maghreb, Dossier: Femmes, Familles et Droit 2 (2005–2006): 55–70.
  17. Mohammed Elihachimi Hamdi, The Politicisation of Islam: A Case Study of Tunisia
    (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1998), 13.
  18. Wolf, Political Islam in Tunisia, 30.
  19. Wolf, Political Islam in Tunisia, 30.
  20. David Bonderman, “Modernization and Changing Perceptions of Islamic Law,” Harvard Law Review 81, no. 6 (April 1968): 1184.
  21. Lee, “Tunisian Intellectuals,” 160.
  22. Willis, Politics and Power in the Maghreb, 158.
  23. Noura Boursali, Bourguiba wa-l-masa’la al- dimaqratiyah (Tunis: Arabesques, 2016).
  24. Edward Webb, “The ‘Church’ of Bourguiba: Nationalizing Islam in Tunisia,” Sociology of Islam 1 (2013): 17.
  25. Barbara DeGorge, “The Modernization of Education: A Case Study of Tunisia and
    Morocco,” European Legacy 7, no. 5 (2002): 587.
  26. Willis, Politics and Power in the Maghreb, 21.
  27. Webb, “The ‘Church’ of Bourguiba,” 19.
  28. Webb, “The ‘Church’ of Bourguiba,” 39.
  29. Rikke Hostrup Haugbølle, “New Expressions of Islam in Tunisia: An Ethnographic Approach,” Journal of North African Studies 20, no. 3 (2015): 319–35.
  30. Emad Eldin Shahin, “The Rise and Repression of an Islamic Movement: Harakat al- Nahda in Tunisia,” in Political Ascent: Contemporary Islamic Movements in North Africa (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1997), 67.
  31. Shahin, “The Rise and Repression of an Islamic Movement,” 63.
  32. Willis, Politics and Power in the Maghreb, 159.
  33. Boulby, “The Islamic Challenge,” 599.
  34. Hamdi, The Politicisation of Islam, 18–19; and Shahin, “The Rise and Repression of an
    Islamic Movement,” 70.
  35. McCarthy, Inside Tunisia’s al-Nahda, 22.
  36. Alaya Allani, “The Islamists in Tunisia Between Confrontation and Participation:
    1980–2008,” Journal of North African Studies 14, no. 2 (June 2009): 258.
  37. Shahin, “The Rise and Repression of an Islamic Movement,” 70.
  38. Hamdi, The Politicisation of Islam, 20–21.
  39. François Burgat, L’islamisme au Maghreb: La voix du Sud (Tunisie, Algérie, Libye, Maroc) (Paris: Karatha, 1988), 206–7.
  40. Shahin, “The Rise and Repression of an Islamic Movement,” 78.
  41. McCarthy, Inside Tunisia’s al-Nahda, 34–35.
  42. Rashid al-Ghannushi, Harakat al-Ittijah al-Islami fi Tunis (Kuwait: Dar al-Qalam, 1989), 109–10.
  43. Shahin, “The Rise and Repression of an Islamic Movement,” 79.
  44. Wolf, Political Islam in Tunisia, 46.
  45. Hamdi, The Politicisation of Islam, 26.
  46. Burgat, L’islamisme au Maghreb, 209.
  47. Wolf, Political Islam in Tunisia, 44.
  48. Hermassi, “La Société tunisienne au miroir islamiste,” 50.
  49. Shahin, “The Rise and Repression of an Islamic Movement,” 75.
  50. Hamdi, The Politicisation of Islam, 33.
  51. Hamdi, The Politicisation of Islam, 34.
  52. Boulby, “The Islamic Challenge,” 603.
  53. Shahin, “The Rise and Repression of an Islamic Movement,” 83.
  54. Shahin, “The Rise and Repression of an Islamic Movement,” 85.
  55. Susan Waltz, “Islamist Appeal in Tunisia,” Middle East Journal 40, no. 4 (Autumn
    1986): 653.
  56. Hamdi, The Politicisation of Islam, 35.
  57. Wolf, Political Islam in Tunisia, 37.
  58. Hamdi, The Politicisation of Islam, 37.
  59. Hamdi, The Politicisation of Islam, 39.
  60. Muhammad al-Hashimi al-Hamadi, Ashwaq al-Huriyyah (Kuwait: Dar al-Qalam, 1989), 78.
  61. Wolf, Political Islam in Tunisia, 57.
  62. Hamdi, The Politicisation of Islam, 43.
  63. Ghannushi, Harakat al-Ittijah al-Islami fi Tunis, 151–52.
  64. Allani, “The Islamists in Tunisia Between Confrontation and Participation,” 262.
  65. Alison Pargeter, “Radicalisation in Tunisia,” in Islamist Radicalisation in North Africa:
    Politics and Process, edited by George Joffe (Abingdon, U.K.: Routledge, 2011), 77.
  66. McCarthy, Inside Tunisia’s al-Nahda, 56.
  67. Hamdi, The Politicisation of Islam, 47.
  68. Shahin, “The Rise and Repression of an Islamic Movement,” 88.
  69. Boulby, “The Islamic Challenge,” 606.
  70. Shahin, “The Rise and Repression of an Islamic Movement,” 96.
  71. Hamdi, The Politicisation of Islam, 50–51.
  72. ‘Abd Elbaki Hermassi, “The Islamist Movement and November 7,” in Tunisia: The Polit-
    ical Economy of Reform, ed. by I. William Zartman (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1991),
    196.
  73. Shahin, “The Rise and Repression of an Islamic Movement” 90.
  74. Hamdi, The Politicisation of Islam, 49.
  75. Hamdi, The Politicisation of Islam, 52.
  76. Shahin, “The Rise and Repression of an Islamic Movement,” 97.
  77. Wolf, Political Islam in Tunisia, 64.
  78. Sharan Grewal, “Tunisia’s Foiled Coup: The November 8th Group,” Working Paper,
    August 19, 2018, 5.
  79. Grewal, “Tunisia’s Foiled Coup,” 13.
  80. Wolf, Political Islam in Tunisia, 65.
  81. Hamdi, The Politicisation of Islam, 62.
  82. November 7: al-Thawra al-Hadi’a (Tunis: A. Ben Abdallah for Publishing and Distribution, 1992), 402–21.
  83. Feuer, Regulating Islam, 109.
  84. François Burgat and William Dowell, The Islamic Movement in North Africa (Austin:
    Center for Middle Eastern Studies, University of Texas, 1993), 234.
  85. Shahin, “The Rise and Repression of an Islamic Movement,” 101.
  86. Wolf, Political Islam in Tunisia, 72.
  87. Hamdi, The Politicisation of Islam, 70.
  88. Qusayy Salih Darwish, Yahduthu fi Tunis (Paris: al-Tabah al-Faransiyah, 1987), 184.
  89. Wolf, “An Islamist ‘Renaissance?’,” 564.
  90. Wolf, Political Islam in Tunisia, 75.
  91. Abdullah Anas, To the Mountains My Life in Jihad, from Algeria to Afghanistan, with
    Tam Hussein (London: Hurst, 2019), 223–24.
  92. Rashid Ghannushi interview, al-Da’wa, Islamabad, December 16, 1993.
  93. Allani, “The Islamists in Tunisia Between Confrontation and Participation,” 265.
  94. Esen Kirdiş, “Wolves in Sheep Clothing or Victims of Times? Discussing the Immoderation of Incumbent Islamic Parties in Turkey, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia,” Democratization 25, no. 5 (2018): 901–18.
  95. Wolf, Political Islam in Tunisia, 100–101.
  96. Wolf, Political Islam in Tunisia, 100–101.
  97. Rikke Hostrup Haugbølle and Francesco Cavatorta, “Will the Real Tunisian Opposi-
    tion Please Stand Up? Opposition Coordination Failures Under Authoritarian Con-
    straints,” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 38, no. 3 (2011): 337.
  98. Wolf, Political Islam in Tunisia, 119.
  99. “Case Information: Hamadi Jebali,” Committee on Human Rights, n.d.
  100. Interview with Mahmoud Kammoun, son-in-law of former prime minister Hamadi
    al-Jabali and an Ennahda activist, Sousse, Tunisia, February 18, 2013.
  101. Wolf, Political Islam in Tunisia, 5.
  102. McCarthy, Inside Tunisia’s al-Nahda, 107.
  103. McCarthy, Inside Tunisia’s al-Nahda, 126.
  104. All information is gathered from Shaykh al-Khatib al-Idrisi’s official Facebook page’s
    biography.
  105. Haugbølle, “New Expressions of Islam in Tunisia.”
  106. McCarthy, Inside Tunisia’s al-Nahda, 111.
  107. Fabio Merone, “Between Social Contention and Takfirism: The Evolution of the Salafi- Jihadi Movement in Tunisia,” Mediterranean Politics 22, no. 1 (2017): 71–90.
  108. Hédi Yahmed, Taht rayyat al-uqub: Salafiyyun jihadiyyun tunisiyyun (Tunis: Diwan li-l-nashir, 2015).
  109. Faraj Isma’il, “Khartah al-tayyarat al-islamiyyah fi Tunis min al-Ghannushi ila al- Dhurayr,” Al Arabiya, January 19, 2011; ‘Ali ‘Abd al ‘Al, “al-Salafiyyin fi Tunis . . . wa-l-mutaghayrat al-jadidah,” ‘Ali ‘Abd al ‘Al’s Blog, January 18, 2011.
  110. McCarthy, Inside Tunisia’s al-Nahda, 118.
  111. McCarthy, Inside Tunisia’s al-Nahda, 118.
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